The Scales Problem

My thought process to get to the solution
  1. Initially, I thought I found the answers when I tried using only weights 1 and 2 to weigh all the herbs after thinking:
    1. Use 1 to measure 1, 2 to measure 2, 1 and 2 to measure 3, then use measured herbs to weight all weights. 
    2. But, after rereading the question I remembered that I was not allowed to use the herbs as auxillary weights.
  2. Next, I tried using 1, 2, 4, 8 but that did not get all the herbs.
  3. Then, I realized this was a base 2 pattern and thought that I could just measure even weights since the scale would tip down or up after putting in a 2. That is, I tried using 2, 4, 8, 16. But, this only got me up to 30.
  4. Then, I tried using 1, 3, 9, 27 since I was thinking in different bases. This looked really promising since I could find 40 but I was having a difficult time measuring the 5 herb weight.

Getting the solution
Dwelling on 1, 3, 9, and 27 I finally had the epiphany that I could use the 1, 3, and the 5 herb weight and compare that to the 9 using the scale. This breakthrough is what got me to the solution.

Here is the grunt work I did to determine the solution where the bolded numbers are the herbs being weighed.


#
Left Scale
Right Scale
1
1
1
2
1 2
3
3
3
3
4
4
1 3
5
1 3 5
9
6
3 6
9
7
3 7
1 9
8
1 8
9
9
9
9
10
10
1 9
11
1 11
3 9
12
12
3 9
13
13
1 3 9
14
1 3 14 9
27
15
3 15 9
27
16
3 16 9
1 27
17
1 17 9
27
18
18 9
27
19
9 19
1 27
20
1 9 20
3 27
21
9 21
3 27
22
9 22
1 3 27
23
1 3 23
27
24
3 24
27
25
3 25
1 27
26
1 27
27
27
27
27
28
28
1 27
29
1 29
3 27
30
30
3 27
31
31
1 3 27
32
1 3 32
9 27
33
3 33
9 27
34
3 34
1 9 27
35
1 35
9 27
36
36
9 27
37
37
1 9 27
38
1 38
3 9 27
39
39
3 9 27
40
40
1 3 9 27

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